4Q Methodology (Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control)

The “Measure – Analyze – Improve – Control” framework, sometimes also referred to as the 4Q (for 4 quadrants) methodology, is based on a classic six sigma methodology of problem solving. Some firms refer to the fourth quadrant as “Sustain,” but Control is used most often in six sigma literature. Also, other applications of the methodology use five phases, adding a “Define” phase at the beginning. So you may also find literature on the Internet under the acronym DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control).

Sticking to the four most important quadrants:

Measure: The purpose of this step is to define the scope and the problem, and to learn about the current state, and capture the base line data. This includes, among other things: Creating a statement of the opportunity, understanding what the Customer wants. Identifying team members and time frames. Investigating the current situation in detail: Who, What, When, Where. Developing a detailed process map of the situation. And plotting baseline data over time to look for special causes. Outputs from this phase will typically include data that shows the problem’s location, baseline data, and a better understanding of the current process.

Analyze: The second step is focused on to identify the root cause(s) of the problem, and to find/prioritize/verify the greatest opportunity for improvement. This will include: Generating many potential causes or opportunities. Organizing and evaluating causes for greatest impact. Collecting data to verify the selected root cause or opportunity with greatest potential. And identifying the relationship between the selected cause and the process outcomes. Outputs from this phase will typically include identified root causes or improvements that have been tested and confirmed.

Improve: The purpose of the third step is to develop, pilot, and implement the solutions that address the root causes. This includes: Generating many potential solutions or improvements. Evaluating and selecting the best solution. Running a pilot if necessary. Implementing the best solution quickly. And measuring results and comparing them to the baseline to verify expected results were obtained. Output from this phase will typically include completed actions that eliminate or reduce the root cause of problems or implement improvements to the process.

Control: The purpose of the last step is to maintain the gains you have achieved with the project and make sure the process stays “in control.” This includes: Documenting changed work methods or processes. Training employees on the new methods. Summarizing results and communicating learnings to the organization. Identifying next steps for this process. Output from this last phase will generally include documentation of the new process or method being followed, communication of the results, and further recommendations of the team.

The chart above lists a number of specific statistical tools, six sigma concepts, frameworks and methodologies that can be applied in the various phases. And the chart below shows an example on how some of the key findings could be summarized on one page for a specific problem that needs to be solved.